A Literary Criticism of Hills Like White Elephants Essay Example For Students

A Literary Criticism of Hills Like White Elephants Essay A Literary Criticism of Hills Like White Elephants I as of late read the short story, Hills Like White Elephants. At first, I thought that it was confounding and difficult to comprehend. I would like to explain the story by summing up it, and clarify the imagery utilized. The story is set in a bar next to a train station. A couple sits together at a table examining something that is obscure to the peruser. The couple is getting a charge out of a lager while anticipating their train. The young lady appears to be separated as she watches out over a line of slopes and says, They look like white elephants. This announcement should set off a caution in the brain of the peruser. This announcement and the title are emblematic to the significance of the story. One must realize that on the off chance that one is given a trinket, at that point they are given an undesirable and futile blessing. This leads the peruser to accept this is the thing that the story is about. We will compose a custom article on A Literary Criticism of Hills Like White Elephants explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now The couple keeps on drinking vigorously which would likewise persuade that they have something upsetting them. As one keeps perusing, they are given an intimation to the couples issue. The man says, You dont must be apprehensive. Ive known heaps of individuals that have done it. He proceeds to state, If you dont need to you dont need to. I wouldnt have you do it in the event that you didnt need to. Yet, its totally basic. This leads the peruser to accept that, in spite of the fact that it is the couples issue, the lady holds all obligation and the option to settle on the choice. The man and lady go to and fro with the contention. The man directs sentiments toward the impact of, I figure its the best activity. Be that as it may, I dont need you to do it on the off chance that you dont truly need to. She answers, And in the event that I do it youll be cheerful and things will resemble they were and youll love me? Once more, this offers the peruser the input that her choice, and her choice alone, will change their life for eternity. As the story closes, she asks that they end the discussion. He takes their baggage to the opposite side of the train to guarantee that it is stacked ready, and afterward he come back to the table. Improve? he inquires. She answers, I feel fine. Theres nothing amiss with me. I feel fine. All through the story the couple won't talk about the issue. They won't talk about it for dread that really saying it would concede that there really is an issue. The couple is battling over the choice of whether to prematurely end their unborn youngster. The reference to white elephants represents the premature birth. Numerous years back individuals would give scaled down white elephants as endowments. They served no capacity and were viewed as undesirable, futile blessings. The premature birth was an undesirable blessing to this couple. The man keeps on consoling the lady that the issue can without much of a stretch be dealt with. One gets the inclination from the couples discussion that she might need to keep their unborn kid, however she would do anything for him; anything to keep him. I truly delighted in this short story. I loved the amazing way Ernest Hemingway permitted the peruser to contemplate what the couple was contending about. I trust this gives some knowledge to the individuals who battle with understanding this short story. The composing created by Ernest Hemingway was in itself a demonstration of resistance that exemplifies the extraordinary character of how Americans need or accept they ought to be seen reckless, independent, ready to move past what the vast majority would apparently think about close to home misfortunes, even the capacity to disconnect ones self from individual catastrophe and see it in a clever light. Ernest Hemingway was as straightforward as he was intricate. The clear and simple pictures he made with his apparently rudimentary style were definitely not; truth be told, the multifaceted nature that lives inside his distinctively smooth composition, which exhibit a virtue and exactness like no other, are known uniquely to the individuals who can see past their faade. Regard for external detail and a voracious want to depict his .

Carbon footprint Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Carbon impression - Research Paper Example As per an examination led by University of California, normal American family unit carbon emanations are about 19.8 metric huge amounts of carbon discharges. In any case, a portion of our exercises increment the normal degree of carbon discharges. In my day by day schedule, I use to make a trip in my vehicle to a reasonable separation to the exercise center where I exercise for around 1 hour and afterward take sauna for around 15 minutes and afterward head out back to home. The absolute separation to exercise center from my home and structure rec center to my house is around 10 miles that includes 1.43 metric huge amounts of carbon emanation to my individual carbon impression. Working out at rec center for 1 hour further includes 0.28 metric ton of carbon impression every year. In the comparative way, my food carbon impression is additionally high, as I do like cheddar and hamburger that have the most carbon impression (Environmental Protection Agency, 2014). I have an old wasteful f ridge at home that makes a ton of clamor however less cooling. The carbon impression of the fridge is around 175 Kg. My TV impression is around 215 Kg that is the specific estimation of transmitted carbon-dioxide from a TV on the off chance that we use it for 4 hours every day. I nearly use the watching machine day by day that includes around 91 Kg of carbon discharge to my individual carbon impression (Vaughan, 2009). So as to diminish my own carbon impression, I should change my way of life, especially, a portion of the exercises that have higher carbon impression. The exercises like sauna, exercise, driving in vehicle to the rec center, sitting in front of the TV and utilizing radiant lights are required to be changed (Sovacool and Brown, 2010). At introductory stage, I will ascertain the calories that I lessen during the exercise at rec center and sauna. It is smarter to do any other exercise like cycling, running or some other action. Cycling for short separation for basic food item diminishes the movements carbon impression just as decreases the carbohydrate content of the body and makes an individual fit. I will

Inattentional Blindness in Psychology

Inattentional Blindness in Psychology Theories Cognitive Psychology Print Inattentional Blindness in Psychology By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on January 19, 2020 CaiaImageJV / Getty Images More in Theories Cognitive Psychology Behavioral Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology In This Article Table of Contents Expand Research Explanations Examples Affecting Factors View All Back To Top Its logical to think that you see whenever your eyes are open. But the reality is that attention plays a major role in visual perception. One of the primary reasons why you may fail to notice things like obvious bloopers in movies, for example, is a psychological phenomenon known as inattentional blindness.?? When you focus hard on one thing, such as the actions of the main character in a film, you might not notice unexpected things entering your visual field. Research The term inattentional blindness was first coined by psychologists Arien Mack, Ph.D., and Irvin Rock, Ph.D., who observed the phenomenon during their perception and attention experiments. Because this inability to perceive, this sighted blindness, seemed to be caused by the fact that subjects were not attending to the stimulus but instead were attending to something else...we labeled this phenomenon inattentional blindness (IB), they explained. One of the best-known experiments demonstrating inattentional blindness is the invisible gorilla test carried out by Christopher Chabris, Ph.D. and Daniel Simons, Ph.D. In this experiment, researchers asked participants to watch a video of people tossing a basketball, and the observers were told to count the number of passes or to keep track of the number of throws versus bounce passes. Afterward, the participants were asked if they had noticed anything unusual while watching the video. In most of the tests, approximately 50 percent of the participants reported seeing nothing out of the ordinary. But in reality, something odd had happened. In some instances, a woman dressed in a gorilla suit strolled through the scene, turned to the camera, thumped her chest, and walked away. While it may seem impossible that the participants missed such a sight since their attention was focused elsewhere and on a demanding task, the gorilla basically became invisible. Explanations Rather than focusing on every tiny detail in the world around us, we tend to concentrate on things that are most important, relying on our existing schemas to fill in the blanks. This is highly economical. As our attentional, cognitive, and processing resources are limited, this allows us to dedicate them to what matters most, while still allowing us to have complete, seamless experiences.?? One of the reasons why people so often miss the gorilla, so to speak, is simply because the stimulus lacks what is known as ecological validity. A gorilla showing up in the middle of a basketball game is unlikely to happen in a real-world setting, so we are less likely to notice it. It is essentially ruled out as a component that will help you better understand or carry out the task at hand. That said, while we do sometimes fail to miss things in the world around us, we are generally pretty good at noticing information that is relevant to us, such as a car speeding toward us or a deer jumping out of the trees into the road. Of course, this is not always the case. Examples We all experience inattentional blindness from time to time, such as in these potential situations: Even though you think you are paying attention to the road, you fail to notice a car swerve into your lane of traffic, resulting in a traffic accident.You are watching a historical film set in ancient Greece. You dont notice a major blooper in which an airplane appears in the background of a pivotal scene.You decide to make a phone call while driving through busy traffic. You fail to notice that the traffic light has turned red, so you run the stop light and end up getting a traffic ticket.While playing a video game, you are so intently focused on spotting a specific type of bad guy that you miss another threat to your character and end up losing the game. Affecting Factors There are certain factors that can affect inattentional blindness. Drs. Simons and Chabris did an experiment similar to the invisible gorilla experiment, but in this one, the participants had to count the number of passes made by either the team in black or the team in white. Out of the participants who were counting passes made by the white team, only 42 percent saw the gorilla, but for the participants who counted passes made by the black team, 83 percent saw the gorillaâ€"who was also dressed in black, illustrating the impact of similarity between the unexpected stimulus (gorilla) and task-relevant stimuli (members of the black team).?? A Word From Verywell Though it is not possible to avoid all instances of inattentional blindness, its important to remember this very natural occurrenceâ€"particularly when you are in a disagreement with someone about the full scope of a situation. Your brain is sophisticated enough to help you register and interpret visual cues that it thinks will provide you with the most value. But, in its efforts, visual informationâ€"both important and notâ€"can sometimes get overlooked.

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What Is a Subpoena Definition, Uses, Significance

In the American legal system, a subpoena  is a written court order that requires the production of documents or court testimony. The term is Latin for under penalty. A subpoena lists the name and address of the subject, the date and time of the appearance, and the request. There are two distinct types of subpoenas: a  subpoena ad testificandum for in-court testimony, and subpoena duces tecum for the production of  materials relevant to the case (documents, records, or any other type of physical evidence). Why Are Subpoenas Used? During the â€Å"discovery† or fact-finding phase of a trial, attorneys use subpoenas to gather evidence  or witness statements. Subpoenas compel individuals to provide evidence or testimony, which makes  them extremely valuable tools for the justice system. Placing enforceable, legal requirements on the gathering of evidence helps both sides in a legal case gather as much evidence as possible to help the judge or jury reach a fair verdict.   The two types of subpoenas are used for different reasons and to gain different types of information. For example, a  subpoena duces tecum  might compel a business to turn over records concerning an employee suspected of a crime. On the other hand, a  subpoena  ad  testificandum  might  order someone to appear in court and testify about a suspects location on the night that a crime occurred. Anyone who fails to respond to a subpoena is held in contempt of court.  Depending on the state, that individual may remain in contempt until they fulfill the terms of the subpoena. A contempt charge can result in fines or jail time. There are two types of contempt: Civil contempt: An individual  purposefully avoids the actions listed on the subpoena in an attempt to hinder the legal procedure.Criminal contempt: An individual  meaningfully disrupts the court, sometimes by being disrespectful while court is in session. Who Is in Charge of Issuing Subpoenas? Subpoenas may be issued on behalf of a court, a grand jury, a legislature, or an administrative agency. Subpoenas are signed and addressed by the issuer. They are often issued by an attorney if someone is being tried in a civil or criminal case. The issuer may be an administrative law judge if the subpoena compels a high ranking official to testify or produce physical evidence. How Subpoenas Are Served The subject of the subpoena must be served in order for them to appear in court. Though the legal requirement for service differs between states, the most common ways of serving a subpoena are in-person delivery or certified mail. Some states even allow subpoenas to be sent over email with an â€Å"acknowledgment of receipt† requested. A server must be over 18 years old and have no involvement with the case. No matter how the document is served, the server must sign to legally show that they delivered the document. Occasionally, a subpoena may be served by a police officer. In some jurisdictions, a police officer will deliver a second subpoena if the first one is ignored, then escort the subpoenaed party to court to testify. Subpoena vs. Summons Subupoenas and summons are easy to confuse because a subpoena summons a person to court. However, summons are entirely separate documents in civil proceedings. Prior to the court date, the plaintiff in a civil case is required to serve the defendant with a summons: a formal notice of a lawsuit. There are several key differences between a summons and a subpoena: A subpoena is a legally binding order, whereas  a summons is a notice of legal action.Subpoenas are served during the discovery phase of the trial. A summons is a notice that signals that a complaint has been filed in a civil proceeding.If someone  ignores a summons, they are not subject to contempt of court like a subpoena and face no legal charges. Instead, they risk losing the lawsuit because the judge may find in favor of the plaintiff if the defense is not present in court. Both a subpoena and a summons must be served. A summons can be served by a sheriff, a process server, or by certified mail. In most states, it must be served with a copy of the complaint. Just like a subpoena, a summons cannot be served by the issuer and must be served by someone over the age of 18. Subpoena Key Takeaways A  subpoena  is a written court order that requires  the production of documents or a court testimony.During the  Ã¢â‚¬Å"discovery†Ã‚  or fact-finding phase of a trial, attorneys use subpoenas to gather evidence  or witness statements.Subpoenas must be officially served, typically by in-person delivery or certified mail.  Anyone who fails to respond to a subpoena may be held in contempt of court.   Sources â€Å"How Courts Work: Discovery.†Ã‚  American Bar Association, www.americanbar.org/groups/public_education/resources/law_related_education_network/how_courts_work/discovery.html. â€Å"How Courts Work: Pre-Trial Procedures in Civil Cases.†Ã‚  American Bar Association, www.americanbar.org/groups/public_education/resources/law_related_education_network/how_courts_work/cases_pretrial.html.â€Å"Serving the Papers.†Ã‚  MassLegalHelp, www.masslegalhelp.org/domestic-violence/wdwgfh12/serving-papers.â€Å"Subpoena.†Ã‚  A Dictionary of Law, Edited by Jonathan Law, 8th ed., Oxford University Press, 2015.Subpoena.  Britannica Academic, Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, 9 Apr. 2018.  Accessed 26 Jun. 2018.â€Å"Subpoena.†Ã‚  LawBrain, lawbrain.com/wiki/Subpoena.

The Effects of Video Games Free Essays

Video games effects on social life Many people have always been looking for some type of entertainment, and it has been through many forms, from playing with toys, to playing cards, to playing sports, and etc. However, nowadays with so much access to technology and everything that it offers. Various entertainments are way more exciting and sophisticated. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of Video Games or any similar topic only for you Order Now Among the new electronic inventions, the 21 the century has revealed video games, a new exhilaration creating a virtual word on computers, on TV and different platforms like smartness. Which can be very useful in a dull, vague or boring situation. Video games have turned to be an amazing source of entertainment because of their diversity, their innovation, and their capacity to be so close to the reality. It has been shown that video games were developing skills for gamers and were a great social instrument. Nevertheless, videotapes have always been a subject of controversy and seen by a lot of people/parent’s as dangerous and a bad influence, causing addiction, bad behaviors, or even violence, which is true! However there are many Positive effects as well. In this essay I will explain the causes and effects of video games on an individual such as myself; and how I tend to abuse good things without moderation. I state many opinions that embrace new technologies and see it as a great social instrument; But overall explaining how playing Video games can create and cause some positive and negative effects on my lifestyle. The usefulness of good things has always been a problem for me, causing me to drift and abuse certain things, which is becoming a self-disciplinary problem, not to mention creating dictions. An addiction can be defined by a physical or psychological need for a habit-forming substance. And that substance for me is playing video games, so in other words playing video games gives me the comfort and excitement that I need. But also distracting and causing me to develop badly habits but however, is that a good or bad thing? Many times it creates bad habits and causes me to develop laziness, affecting my schoolwork or work performance. Consequently, I tend to lack assignments and time management, for instance, turning in my assignments late or implementing them at the last minute because I’m up all night trying to complete a level on a certain game and when I start a new level I can’t sleep until its completed. So for several cases I would say it’s a bad thing. In some cases playing video games gets out of control because I tend avoid many social activities with my family and friends because it has most of my have my attention. Once I’m in my gaming habitat its hard to pull me away from it. It’s sort of like a drug. At times I feel as if I am in the game and I can’t get out. Sometime my family and friends don’t call me to do social activities because they think my answer is always going to be no! Although, Sometimes it aggravates me because there are times where I’m not playing video games and I want to go out and the times I call them to go out they say there busy. So avoid social activities; it creates a mental warfare and selfishness, affecting me in negative ways for to perform, succeed, pursue, and socialize. As a basketball player, I personally play a lot of video games to keep my mind â€Å"in the game† and still having a ay to practice while I am resting. Video games are a great entertainment source to me, it helps me learn and develop different skills. However some games are a great simulator of life and are really efficient for athletes with games like NAB K, FIFE, and Madden Football sometimes giving me the ability to learn and then go out there and practice. Because it creates self-motivation, causing an athlete like myself to get better. They develop notably a better hand/eye coordination, a high level of focus, repetition, and fundamentals Thus having some positive effects. In conclusion I say that I really enjoy playing video games and I definitely think it is an amazing creation, I am still wondering how people can be able to create such a sophisticated entertainment and I am also totally aware of the risks that I take. And I know the feeling of wanting to play a little bit more and ending going to bed at Sam while I have to wake up at 8 to go to school the same morning. I am learning to overcome my addictions and bad habits and evolve in the smart way and apply simple solutions that I intake and maybe help people with similar problems. How to cite The Effects of Video Games, Papers

The Wall by Pink Floyd free essay sample

The Wall Pink Floyd â€Å"The Wall† came out on November 30th in 1979; its a rock opera that explores abandonment and isolation, symbolized by a metaphorical wall. The songs create an approximate storyline of events in the life of the protagonist, Pink, a character based on Syd Barrett as well as Roger Waters. Pink is oppressed by his overprotective mother, and tormented at school by tyrannical, abusive teachers. All of these traumas become metaphorical bricks in the wall. The protagonist eventually becomes a rock star, his relationships marred by infidelity, drug use, and outbursts of violence. As his marriage crumbles, he finishes building his wall, completing his isolation from human contact. â€Å"Another Brick In The Wall† (part 1) is the third song on this album; Its about Pink being insulted by a teacher and then later he dreams that the children in his school begin to protest against their abusive teachers. We will write a custom essay sample on The Wall by Pink Floyd or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The song talks about how he had a personal wall around him from the rest of the world, the teachers were just â€Å"another brick in the wall.† â€Å"Empty Spaces† is the eighth song on this album and this song is about Pink being grown up and now married, but he and his wife are having relationship problems because of his distance and his nearly-complete emotional â€Å"wall†. Pink keeps asking himself how he should complete its construction. â€Å"Hey You† is the fourteenth song on this album; its the most mysterious song on the The Wall. The phrase â€Å"Hey You† is used to implies calling out to someone. This song is about his breakup of his first wife, all the misery and pain and being out on the road when the woman declares over the phone that shes fallen in love with someone else and that hes trying his best to regain contact with the outside world. â€Å"Comfortably Numb† is the nineteenth song on this album and many people thought this song was about drugs but this song compares Pink’s memories of being feverishly ill as a child and as an adult he got that feeling again. Dave Gilmour wrote the music while he was working on a solo album in 1978. Gilmour believes that this song can be divided into two sections, dark and light. The light are the parts that begin â€Å"When I was a child†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and the dark parts are the â€Å"Hello, is there anybody in there.† One of the best selling albums of 1980, â€Å"The Wall† had sold over 23 million by century’s end. It topped the charts in six different countries, including the United States, and reached the Top 10 in several more. â€Å"The Wall† followed as a major motion picture in 1982. The band followed the album with a highly theatrical tour which included building and tearing down a 40-foot high wall of cardboard bricks on the stage. This would be the last Pink Floyd tour to include Waters (who left the band in 1983).

What Is a Good Doctor free essay sample

What is a good doctor? What makes a good doctor perfect? In the articles Phlebitis by Lair Eigther,The Doctors as Stranger by David Rothman, and the book The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down by Anne Fadiman these authors state different situations and outlooks the patients were in. For instance the writers explored whether the patients had good medical treatment. Furthermore the authors view the disconnection between the doctors and the patients on how physicians should be able to train differently so we can enrich the relationship between the doctor and patient. Patients believe a good doctor is a doctor that is compassionate. A good doctor is a doctor who communicates with their patient, gives medical information and understands the culture, beliefs and the situation of the patient. For example my niece Gabriela De La Rosa was born without an ear, so her doctor was going to construct her left ear. We will write a custom essay sample on What Is a Good Doctor or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page My aunt doesn’t speak English just Spanish, my aunt had a hard time communicating with the physician. She came to my house a day before the surgery to ask me if I could help her translate, I gladly said yes. In Loma Linda Hospital her surgery was taken at eleven in the morning her doctor and nurses were ready for the surgery. Her doctor kept in touch with me every thirty minutes. The doctor gave us information about any complication, on every step they were doing. He kept in contact for the six hours my niece was in surgery. My niece’s doctor understood our culture because he was also Hispanic he knew that my aunt was passing thru a difficult time and understood her. After the surgery the doctor was checking on my niece at least 3 times a day. He was communicating with us and telling us how fast she was progressing and how she can go home tomorrow in the afternoon and she kept up the good work. This is a good doctor. A doctor that is doing his job on helping his patients in need. Additionally in the book The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down Anne Fadiman writes about Lia who had good doctors and she was still suffering with her health. Fadiman forces us to question what makes a â€Å"perfect† doctor. A good physician is not a perfect one for example in the book The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down Dr. Bill explain that the Dr. Neil is not a perfect physician â€Å"If Neil made a mistake, it’s because every physician makes mistakes. If it had been a brand new kid walking off the  street, I guarantee you Neil would have done a septic work up and he would have caught it. But this was Lia . No one at Merced Community Medical Center would have notice anything but her seizures. Lia was her seizures(Fadiman 256). The quote explains that if Dr. Neil was dealing with any other child off the street he would have done an extraordinary job and wouldnt have a difficult time with the pa tient is health, and understanding the culture and language. What is a bad physician? A bad doctor is one who views the patient as a profit but not a human. Therefore author Rothman states on his article that many doctors view the patients as profit not human beings that need medical help. For example â€Å"The Doctor Business , tell about an accident in which a young boy fell into a well ; after volunteers worked unstintingly for twenty four hours to dig him out, his parents took him to a local doctor, who proceeded to bill $1500 for his services† (Rothman 141). What Rothman explains that No physician has the right to refuse health care to anybody if they are not stable financially. Every patient has the right to have health care in any clinic, hospital, and emergency room. Another way of proving that a doctor is a bad doctor is by giving his patient the medication he believes it’s better for the patient. A doctor that believes on giving him the medication he believes is better for its patient. When the patient knows that the medication that was given to him was not helping his pain. For example referring back to Eightner article he states this â€Å"I asked that the Vicodin be changed to Naprosyn another nonsteroid pain reliever and anti-inflammatory drug comparable in effect to Ibuprofen. Eventually a nurse brought me some Ibuprofen. Perhaps if I had asked for ibuprofen I would have got Naprosyn† (Eighner 151). Eighner asked for certain medication to help him out on his pain but the faculty believes on giving him the medication they consider is better for his medical help he states if he would of asked for another medication he would of got the m edication he need . What is the patient’s bill of rights? Many Patients dont know what their rights are. Everyone has the right to health care in any clinic, hospital and emergency room the bill of rights form should be given to the patients so they could know and understand what their rights are. Eighner was one of the few patients that knew what his bills of rights were, but also had some knowledge of medication. Eighner was a patient that only had a watery swelling ankle that needed medical attention. Eightner’s rights were  violated by the faculty and doctors. Eighner was not allowed to view his medical chart, and he was given different medication. Doctors had lied to him about his medical condition. They also stated that if he left the hospital he was not going to survive because he had a deadly medical condition. Eigther realize the doctors were lying to him because the physician didn’t allow him to view his medical chart. For example Eighther remembered pointing out to Dr. Stalin when Dr. Velasquez said he could view his chart whenever he wanted. â€Å"I pointed out that he had been in the room when Dr. Stalin had said I could look at the chart whenever I wanted. He claims he had been called out of the room and had not heard her say that. Of course he had not been called out of the room. I knew for a fact he was there† (Eightner 153). Eightner rights were violated and his doctors were bad doctors because they lied about his medical condition. He was one of a kind patient that knew his bill of rights and notice on time that the doctors were lying to him . How can we change doctors training system? Society believes that doctors training system need to change because of the miscommunication with the patients and their culture. Fadiman doctors have misunderstanding of the Hmong culture. The book The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down has several conflicts doctors vs. parents, parent vs. doctors, doctors vs. Doctors, miscommunication with each other. Physician had conflicts with Lia’s parents because of their culture, language and belief’s. â€Å"Merced Community Medical Hospital had not yet hired any interpreters, de jure or de facto, for any shift. At that time the only employee who sometimes translated for the Hmong patients was a janitor, a Laotian immigrant fluent in his own language, Laos which few Hmong understand; halting in Hmong; and even more halting in English. (Fadiman 25-26). This quote means that Merced Community Medical Hospital had not hired an interpreter to help doctors communicate with Lia’s Parent and the only person that would help them communicate would be there janitor. Additionally Fadiman had seen the conflict between doctors vs. parents, when Lia’s do ctor tried to apply a medication to her but her parents refused. The doctors called child services because they believed that Lia was safer in a foster home because they need to give her the right amount of medication, her patents were giving her too much or too little of it; it was never the right amount because of the misunderstanding of the language. For example  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Lia’s prescriptions had been changed so often, her parents might been more likely to give her, her medication since they would have been less confused and more confident that the doctors knew what they were doing (Fadiman 78).Lia’s parents had a difficult time giving her the medication because and Lias prescription was changed of often, he parents were most likely given her to much or too little of it. Parents vs. Doctors were having a difficult time because the parent thought the doctors were harmful. The Hmong’s fear doctors because they believe American Doctors would eat them after their dead. â€Å"When Hmong people die in the United States, is it tru e that they cut into pieces and put it in tin cans and sold as food† (Fadiman 32). The Hmong culture believed that American doctors cut them and sold their bodies in food cans after they were dead. The doctors vs. doctors were arguing that one was better than the other. â€Å"Later on when I figured out what had happen, or not happened on the earlier visits to the ER, I felt good. It’s kind of a thrill to find something someone else missed, especially when you a resident and you are looking for excuse to make yourself feel smarter than the other physicians†(Fadiman 27,28). Meaning one of the doctors that helped Lia before in the ER didn’t pay attention to Lia’s symptoms and bragging that you’re a great doctor in MCMC but Dr.Murphy diagnose her with epilepsy.Dr. Dan Murphy diagnose Lias seizures. Lia parents already know how to diagnose their daughter problem. They believe it was her spirit catches you and you fall down. Lias parents never knew that Dr. Dan had diagnosed Lia with epilepsy. Dr. Dan would have been surprised to hear they were caused by soul loss. What makes a good doctor good? One can conclude that even a good doctor can make mistakes and there is no perfect doctor even if it’s good or bad. All doctors have different way of doing their medical job. Every patient needs to know their rights so Doctors wont violate their right just like Eighner. Eighner is one of the few patients that knew his bill of right. How society wants to change the doctors training system so they could understand other cultures and be connected with its patients.

Bone loss conditions, prevention and treatment essays

Bone loss conditions, prevention and treatment essays This essay will address several types of bone loss diseases and the pros and cons of treatment or prevention techniques. I will first explore what the characteristics of healthy bone are and what the loss of bone mass and density can mean to a person's health and well being. My sources will be from the internet, magazines, medical journals, several books, and the1998 Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia. I have a personal interest in this subject because my paternal Grandmother and Grandfather suffered before they died with some of the debilitating symptoms of bone loss and weakening. This included spinal fractures and posture slumping. Some of the prevention methods I will mention are exercise, diet, and drugs. I will talk about the use of estrogen replacement therapy and vitamins in the prevention of osteoporosis and their possible benefits and side effects. I will discuss the difference between osteoporosis and osteoarthritis as well as touch on some conditions in which the pain can b e mistaken for them. My experience with a friend who has been crippled with arthritis since she was a child will open some topics for discussion. She has suffered several severe broken bone situations as a direct or indirect result of her disease and or treatments. An interview with her will be an informative and interesting addition to my sources on this subject. What is bone and why is healthy bone essential to your health? Bone is a type of skeletal tissue and contains living cells embedded in a hard matrix. This matrix consists mostly of calcium phosphate and other calcium minerals held together by collagen and other organic substances. Bone tissue renews itself throughout life, constantly tearing down and rebuilding its mineralized framework. The balance between bone resorption and formation is regulated by the immune system and by hormones. The single most important function of bones is to support softer body tissues. The action of voluntary muscle...

Work experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Work experience - Essay Example When working in this division, I had contact with multiple shipment vendors and worked to develop quality relationships with drivers and their related dispatchers. Invoicing was often a job requirement in the warehousing division. Sales and marketing dealt with identifying target markets for delivery of business-to-business promotional literature. In this business area, job responsibilities included heavy focus on relationship marketing to ensure that vendors within the supply chain remained responsive to our business’ needs. Monitoring strategic alliances for improving costs was often a business responsibility. In similar regard, customer service functions in the steel company included fielding calls from multiple clients and demanded proficiency in materials resource planning software. At the leadership level, accounting job responsibilities included calculating current and future net profit by reviewing balance sheets and income statements and recording revenue receipts. I earned considerable experience in the rules governing sales tax and income tax at the business level. Accounting gave me the ability to assess the financial health of a business through financial

International Business Management - Eastern Europe Essay

International Business Management - Eastern Europe - Essay Example 2. The maximum rate of Income tax that could be levied after the tax holiday period of 10 years should be fixed at not more than 20 percent of the taxable earnings: In addition to benefit of the tax holiday period the developing countries normally offer concessional rates income tax for any joint venture arrangements. 3. Free conversion and free transferability of funds from and to Hungary to European or US destinations2: Though these facilities were available at the time of negotiation the Hungarian government should make a commitment for the uninterrupted continuance of these facilities, which is very important for the profitable functioning of the join venture arrangement. 4. Concessional duty rates on the import of engines and reduction in the VAT (Value Added Tax) being charged by the Hungarian Government: The import duty on engines depending on the size of the vehicle varied from 10 to 40 percent and there was an additional VAT of 25 percent charged by the Hungarian government. Though Hungary is a signatory to the GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) the country was free to vary the duty and VAT structures as it may deem fit in the case of automobiles. Hence there is the need to get the government committed on the basic duty structures which is advantageous to GM Europe. In addition to the tax incentives it is also important that the Hungarian government should provide basic infrastructural facilities to fac... Hence there is the need to get the government committed on the basic duty structures which is advantageous to GM Europe. (ii) Provision of Infrastructural Facilities: In addition to the tax incentives it is also important that the Hungarian government should provide basic infrastructural facilities to facilitate the successful operation of the project. Such infrastructural facilities may include the provision of natural gas to the site in addition to the provision of water, electrical power as may be required, well maintained roads for easy transportation and hassle-free physical movement of engines, components and cars during import and export. (iii) Protection from Competition: In order to gain a distinct competitive advantage there should be a commitment from the Hungarian government that at least for an initial period of 5 years or so the import of cars needs to be banned. Since the Hungarian market was small and the affordability of Hungarian population was also less there is the need for this condition. The country could get other advantages in the form of generation of additional employment and development of local suppliers which need to be traded against the protection needed by the GM Europe for its joint venture in Hungary. Though at the start, the GM plant would be small the facility could be enlarged with modernizing and restructuring of the economy. This is usually the case with any developing economy where there are going to be economic reforms the local industry would naturally develop along with the measures for economic reforms. b. Issues to be raised with RABA: The following issues are to be discussed with RABA for possible acceptance as

Bacteriological Safety of Water Analysis

Bacteriological Safety of Water Analysis Comparison of bacteriological safety of water at collection points and drinking water at household level in Kizungu slum Mbarara municipality Kewaza Johnmartin1*, Nkalubo Edgar, Kayiwa Samuel, Kafuma Paul, Kyarisiima Catherine, Labii Ogom Edward, Iramiot Jacob Stanley and Ntaro Moses Abstract Background: Efforts have been made to provide safe water to the public through construction of safe water sources in communities together with widespread sensitization on the practice of boiling of drinking water. Despite those efforts, there is still frequent consumption of contaminated water that has caused a persistently high prevalence of water related illnesses. We hypothesized that the safety of water from safe water sources can be maintained up to consumption at household level. This study compared the bacteriological safety of water at collection points and drinking water at household level in Kizungu slum Mbarara municipality Materials and methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study. We collected samples from water sources used by respondents and from their domestic drinking water. Samples were analyzed in the Microbiology laboratory . Petrifilms were used to enumerate coliform bacteria in water. Results: A total of 60 drinking water samples were analyzed. Although most households (88.3%) reported to have boiled drinking water, 21.7% of drinking water samples were positive for E. coli. A total of 24 water sources were analyzed, 22 of which were taps whilst 2 were open wells. Of the 22 tap samples, 22% were positive for total coliforms. Both well samples were positive for E. coli with numbers over 1100cfu/100ml. Conclusion: Health benefits of providing access to improved water sources to communities can be threatened by significant re-contamination at household level. Strategies to address the sources of recontamination of clean water at household level need to be strengthened. Continued education pertaining good household sanitary practices urgently requires re- addressing. Key words: Bacteria, contamination, water sources, drinking water, Mbarara Background Water is the most essential component of human health, food security, economic growth and environmental sustainability. Although water is essential for life, it can and does transmit pathogens that are a major of 2.2 million diarrheal disease deaths occurring annually [1]. Diarrheal disease remains one of the leading killers of children around the world, responsible for the deaths of nearly 1.6 million children annually, yet is no longer considered a global health priority [2]. In developing countries, as much of 80% of illnesses are linked to poor water and sanitation conditions [2]. The government of Uganda together with several Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) has made efforts to provide safe water to the public through construction of safe water sources together with widespread sensitization on the practice of boiling of drinking water. 2012 statistics shows a 64% access to safe water in rural settings and a 68% access to safe water in urban settings [4]. Despite all the above efforts, there is still frequent consumption of contaminated water that has caused a persistently high prevalence of water related illnesses [3]. Improving the quality of drinking-water is a powerful environmental determinant of health. It continues to be the foundation for the prevention and control of waterborne diseases [4]. We hypothesized that the safety of water from safe water sources can be maintained up to consumption at household level. We conducted a cross sectional study to compare the bacteriological contamination of water at collection points and drinking water at household level. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study that involved both quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection. Upon approval from the university Institutional Review Board, consenting adult household members aged 18 years or above in Kizungu, Kakoba division, Mbarara municipality, were enrolled in the study between June and July 2013. Questionnaires were administered through face-to-face interviews and data collected on handling practices of drinking water. They included; boiling drinking water, source of water and storage. Domestic water sources and drinking water were subsequently sampled and microbiologically analyzed. Sampling was systematic. The study area was divided into five cells; Market cell, Central cell, Upper cell, Agip cell and Kabateraine cell. The sample size was then divided amongst the five cells to obtain the number of household to participate in each cell. These were selected as follows; two main streets in a cell were randomly picked and from these, 15 plots were picked. One household out of the 15 plots was selected to participate. The 15 households were selected as follows: starting from the extreme end of the selected street and walking across one street towards another in more or less a straight line, one plot on the straight line was selected until the sample of 15 was reached. From each of these plots, the first household that had an eligible respondent was enrolled in the study. From each selected household’s drinking water was sampled 100ml. Each participating household was asked for their source of water and a water sample was taken from this source so long as it had not already been taken. Water samples were aseptically collected using sterile containers. The samples were transported within 2 hours of collection in a cool box containing ice packs to a microbiology laboratory. Sample collection was in accordance to the standard procedures as documented by Monica, 2006 [5]. Petrifilms were used for the analysis. From 100ml of each sample was pipetted 1ml. Lifting up the cover sheet on the plate, the pipetted volume was gently release onto the center of the pink circle of the petrifilm. Slowly, the top cover was rolled back down onto the sample, which spread it. The inoculated petrifilms were incubated at 37 0C for 24 hours to allow any bacteria that might have been present in the inoculum to grow and form visible colonies. The colonies associated with gas bubbles on each petrifilm were counted and the obtained figure multiplied by 100 to obtain a coliform count per 100ml. Analysis of data was descriptive involving determination of frequencies, and presentation in form of statistical tables. Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) was used to analyze the data. Results were interpreted using WHO Guidelines for Drinking water quality assessment [6,4]. Results A total of 60 household were included in the study. From each of these households, an adult was interviewed. Of the 60 respondents, 6 were males whereas 54 were females. The mean number of members in each household was 4. Source of Domestic Water A total of 24 sources were sampled. Of these, 22 were from taps whereas 2 were from shallow wells (defined as a hand-dug well). One of the wells was located just close to a kraal with cattle excreta flowing into the well. In most circumstances, residents of a plot shared one water source. In a few cases, several plots shared a water point. Water analysis Sources Analyses of water sources revealed that, of the 22 tap samples, 5 (22%) were positive for total coliforms with minimum and maximum number of coliforms being, 100cfu/100ml and 700cfu/100ml respectively. Both well samples were positive for E. coli with numbers over 1100cfu/100ml (Table 1). Table 1: Bacteriological analysis of water sources in Kizungu slum Mbarara Municipality May-June, 2014 (n=22) Drinking water A total of 60 samples were analyzed. Of these, 21.7% were positive for E. coli with minimum and maximum number of coliforms being, 100cfu/100ml and 3400cfu/100ml respectively (Table 2). Treatment and storage of drinking water Of the 60 households interviewed, majority (88.3%) boiled drinking water. Majority, 86.7% used charcoal as a fuel for boiling. 76.7% stored drinking water in jerry cans. Regarding storage conditions, majority (85%) stored water at room temperature. Of the 60 participants, 20% reported to have had an episode of diarrhea in the past 3 months. Table 2: Bacteriological analysis of drinking water in households of Kizungu slum Mbarara Municipality May-June, 2014 (n=22) Discussion In this study, we found that the quality of water from sources significantly depreciates at household level, with only a few water sources fecally contaminated compared to close to a quarter of drinking water sampled from 60 households that were feacally contaminated. These results are consistent with other large studies [7,8,9,10], whose findings also indicated that contamination increased along the water chain starting from the source to stored drinking water. Tragically, our results show that interventions aiming to improve the safety of drinking water to household level such as boiling have had lee impact in the urban poor. Target 7.C of the Millennium Development Goal 7 aimed at halving the proportion of people without access to improved sources of water. Although this has been achieved [11][11], our findings have reavealed threats to the health benefits of that achievement since even with access to these safe sources, re-contamination an occur at household level. The fact that drinking water in developing countries requires subsequent storage after boiling still poses a risk on the microbiological quality of drinking water due to unsanitary handling in households. We also observed that close to a quarter of water taps sampled were contaminated with other indicator bacteria. This emphasizes the fact that even piped water can be potentially contaminated during distribution [12][13][12]. Total coliforms are present in both fecal and non-fecal environments hence are not useful as an index of fecal pathogens. However, there presence can be used to assess the cleanliness and integrity of distribution systems, potential presence of biofilms and as indicators of contamination through ingress of foreign material, including soil or plants. Detection of total coliform in the distribution system, but absent in water leaving the treatment plant is indicative of a likelihood of bacterial regrowth or post-treatment contamination [13,6]. Our data showed that all the 2 open wells sampled were heavily contaminated. One of the wells was located close to a kraal. Rains often wash off disposed excreta into open wells which may also have also contributed to the heavy contamination of these open wells with fecal matter. This is in agreement with results of survey of bacteriological quality of drinking water in North Gondar [14] Our study however did not infer the cause of the contamination at household level neither did it isolate contaminants. Nevertheless, the analytical method we used isolated Escherichia coli, an indicator organism of choice for faecal pollution [6] In conclusion, our results show that health benefits of providing access to improved water sources to communities can be threatened by significant re-contamination at household level. Strategies to address the sources of recontamination of clean water at household level need to be strengthened. Continued education pertaining good household sanitary practices urgently requires re- addressing. References WHO, 2008. Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. 3rd ed. Geneva: WHO. United Nations, 2003. Statement by Secretary General Koffi Annan. United Nations. UBOS ICF International, 2012. Uganda Demographic and Health Survey 2011. Kampala: Uganda Bureau of Statistics. WHO, 2010. Water for health; WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. 3rd ed. Monica, C., 2006. District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries Part 2. 2nd ed. New York: Cambridge University Press. WHO, 2008. Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. 3rd ed. Geneva: WHO. Brick, T. et al., 2004. Water contamination in urban south India: household storage practices and their implications for water safety and enteric infections. Int J Hyg Environ Health., 5(207), pp.473-80. Clasen, T. Bastable, A., 2003. Faecal contamination of drinking water during collection and household storage: the need to extend protection to the point of use. J Water Health, 3(1), pp.Sep;1(3):109-15. Eshcol, J., Mahapatra, P. Keshapagu , S., 2009. Is fecal contamination of drinking water after collection associated with household water handling and hygiene practices? A study of urban slum households in Hyderabad, India. J Water Health, 1(7), pp.145-54. Wright, J., Gundry, S. Conroy, R., 2004. Household drinking water in developing countries: a systematic review of microbiological contamination between source and point-of-use. Trop Med Int Health, 1(9), pp.106-17. United Nations, 2013. We can End Poverty. Millennium Development Goals and Beyond 2015. [Online] Available at: http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/environ.shtml [Accessed 18 January 2014]. Hunter, P.R., Chalmers, R.M., Hughes, S. Syed, Q., 2005. Self-reported diarrhea in a control group: a strong association with reporting of low-pressure events in tap water. Clinical Infect. Dis. , (40), p.e32–e34. NHMRC, 2003. Review of Coliforms as Microbial Indicators of Drinking Water Safety. In Melita, S., Nicholas, David, C., eds. Recommendation to changethe use of coliforms as microbial indicators of drinking water quality. Camberra, 2003. Biotext Pty Ltd. Mengesha , A., Mamo, W. Baye, G., 2004. A survey of bacteriological quality of drinking water in North Gondar. Ethiop.J.Health Dev., 18(II), pp.112-15.

Does Herodotus Offer Adequate Explanations for Colonisation

Does Herodotus offer adequate explanations for Greek colonisation in the archaic period? Herodotus gives all ancient historians invaluable insights into colonisation in the archaic period, despite having his well known limitations. We must overall regard his work ‘The Histories’ as an equal to archaeological evidence and Thucydides’ work when it comes to studying colonisation in this period. Before I begin this essay, however, I must first quickly define two crucial terms.The term ‘colonisation’ (as we mean it during the during the archaic period) has for some reason been debated at great length by ancient historians, who seem determined to remove it as far away from the imperial meaning of the word as possible. I don’t see why, as both have glaring similarities and only minute differences. They both involve one kind of people moving in significant numbers to a new place (where either a different kind of people or no people were present) and es tablishing their way of life in said location.The only real differences being the literal translation of the word in Greek meaning ‘home away from home’ or ‘trading place’ and the imperial meaning of the word leaning more towards the subjugation of the local inhabitants rather than the replacement of them (which was more common in archaic Greece). The second term is ‘Archaic Period’ which in this essay will be defined as the period from 800 to 478BC.To examine in detail Herodotus’ explanations for colonisation during this period I will examine to what extent he informs us on: land-hunger, trading considerations, drought[1]and I will also comment on his references to the Delphic oracle. I have picked these areas to judge Herodotus on, because they are the most regularly agreed upon reasons for colonisation occurring and therefore his comments on these areas have the potential to be most informative to us, as A.Graham eloquently sums up wi th ‘though a very large number of extant authors provide some piece of information relevant to the history of Greek colonisation only a few are of overriding influence†¦ their [Herodotus and Thucydides] importance lies in their relatively early date, although they belong to a period after the Archaic colonising movement, they are nearer to it than our other substantial sources’[2]. It is for this paramount reason that Herodotus’ comments on these subjects are so crucial to our study of colonisation.In scrutinizing Herodotus’ comments in this field I will look some of the examples that he uses, namely: Chalkedon, Sigeion, Egypt, Olbia and of course Cyrene. So through looking at the four main reasons for colonisation and cross-referencing it with the examples stated I will fully evaluate whether or not Herodotus is an adequate source to look to regarding the archaic colonisation period. It must also be mentioned at this point that ‘political facto rs’ would have also been a strong factor to consider, however, would take up the word count fully all by itself, so will be left for a another time.Land–hunger refers to one of the push factors that are widely believed to have caused many Greeks to leave their original homes in search of more land and in particular, more fertile land. We see this especially in the case of mainland Greece and the Peloponnese where there were less fertile plains and more arid and mountainous terrain Although Herodotus never explicitly tells us that this was a major cause for colonisation, we can infer from some of his writing that this would have been a factor.Herodotus enlightens us to the existence of a colony on the coast of the black seathat ‘have sanctuaries dedicated to the Greek gods and †¦ whose language is a mixture of Scythian and Greek’[3]. Now this alone does not specifically tell us that the Greeks moved to this area because it was particularly fertile or t hat their home region was lacking in enough land, but when you continue to read on and see that it was the Megarians who colonised Chalkedon[4] and Byzantium (located either side of the Bosphorus) then one can easily see the extent to which a Peloponnesian city-state would go to find new lands.This is a weak argument on its own, however, twinned with some basic knowledge of Antiquity it grows in strength. For instance anyone with knowledge of mainland Greek states will know that the Megarians were indeed very restricted with regards to land. They were squashed between the Peloponnesian League members such as Corinth, to the south, and Attica (ruled by Athens), to the north and east. The fact that they set up at least three colonies: Megara Hyblaea, Chalkedon and Byzantium, clearly indicates land-hunger, just as their geography would suggest.On top of this, anyone with a basic knowledge of antiquity would also be aware of the huge agricultural resources available around the black sea , proved by Athens’ later dependency on grain imports from this region during the Peloponnesian wars. The way in which Herodotus describes Cyrene as having a ‘hole in the sky’[5] (i. e. it rains more making the ground more fertile) can also be taken as a heavy hint as to why Cyrene was set up.My point being, when reading Herodotus, sometimes he must be used in conjunction with elementary knowledge to support or disprove points. In this case he has supported the idea that land-hunger was an adequate explanation for Greek colonisation though not explicitly telling us. One has to admit though that over the course of the whole work, Herodotus does fail to fully support this factor. Unless you are a primitivist, trading advantages had to be a substantial pull factor for your city to advocate colonisation.I will develop this argument assuming that the Greeks were an enterprising race because this is the argument that will prove to be entirely accepted in due course. Th e finest example of Herodotus explaining colonisation, in regards to trading motives, is his account of the settlement set up at the mouth of the River Nile called Naukratis. He declares ‘Naukratis was the only trading-station and there was no other in Egypt’[6] and goes on remark on the religious temples set up in honour of Zeus, Hera and Apollo naming Aeginetans, Samians and Milesians all present in the city.This was clearly a settlement set up with the aim of extending trade relations with the Egyptians for the benefit of Greeks. In a separate example though, one can again use basic knowledge of Hellenes in antiquity (the basic knowledge being that the Bosphorus was extremely important to trade even in archaic times) combined with Herodotus’ passage on Chalkedon[7] to see that control of the Bosphorus was important enough to trade that colonies were set up here on numerous occasions.Sigeion, just south of the Bosphorus and situated on the mouth of the river St rymon was (as Herodotus informs us) fought over furiously by Athens and Mytilene[8], again signifying the importance of trade to the foundation of colonies in the archaic period. So Herodotus then giving us comprehensive proof of trade being an adequate factor in the establishment of colonies in the archaic period. Dillon points to drought as one of the factors that lead directly to colonisation. No better example of this, in ancient literature, exists than the account of Cyrene’s foundation. For the next seven years, however, no rain fell on Thera, and all their trees, with a single exception, withered. ’[9] Now, following this short passage, we again encounter a common limitation of Herodotus, ‘The islanders consulted the oracle, and the Pythia reminding them that they were supposed to colonise Libya’[10]; that is his continuous permeation of oracles into most of his work. This is not to say that we can disregard ancient historians’ reference†™s to all oracle’s all the time, but it is of my own opinion that we take much of Herodotus’ oracular reports with a pinch of salt.So although Herodotus may have been reported a tale of curses and prophecies regarding Thera’s drought, I would take his account and remedy a notion that what was most likely to have occurred was: that the Therans had some bad luck with the weather for a indeterminate period of time and as a result could not sustain the population they included†¦ so, decided to relieve pressure on the city by sending a portion of its population to a land where they could survive (or perhaps even sustain the original colony? . To clarify my earlier ‘pinch of salt’ phrase it moves me to use the words of M. Giangiulio expressing the idea that ‘cultural memory does not ‘reflect’ historical reality, even if it expresses a form of historical self-awareness’[11]. This is the sense in which I believe we should us e Herodotus, using our modern sense of hindsight and sensibility to understand ‘historical reality’ more accurately. For further details on ‘intentional history’[12] see footnote.This is the most blatant example I have touched on so far of Herodotus supporting one of the five stated reasons for colonisation and therefore yet again going some way to adequately explaining Greek colonisation in the archaic period. The Delphic Oracle is central to the explaining of why many colonies are set up. Maurizio Giangiulio supports this line of argument by telling us ‘The decisive role played by the Delphic oracle is very strongly emphasized, through various narrative devices’[13] in this case Herodotus: ‘the oracle declared that he would found a community in Libya’[14].It is ion this way that Herodotus is able to properly shed light on a crucial part of explaining the colonising process, making evident that it was foolhardy to go on an expedit ion without the expressed will of the gods ‘the importance attached to the god’s will is an integral part of a representational strategy [of a colony]’ states Giangiulio, extending this with ‘Cyrene represent themselves- it would seem –as a polies which stood high in Apollo’s favour’[15]. To conclude, there is no denying that Herodotus has his flaws in providing explanations for Greek colonisation.I am not pushing the argument that Herodotus is an infallible source on every case study he mentions either. What must be clear though after reading this essay is that Herodotus can be used with great effectiveness to inform us on the explanations of Greek colonisation. Simple guidelines can be fitted to reading his work that allow one to see past what modern minds would usually consider fantasy, but which can really help reveal the truth in many of the cases he does use.He supports three of the four reasons very strongly, and even if he does fall short in regards to land-hunger he more than makes up for it by placing huge emphasis on the importance of oracles and trading which must be considered the principal reason for explaining in the archaic period. Words: 1,961 ———————– [1] Dillon, Ancient Greece, 2000, Routledge, pp. 1 I have not looked at political consideration only due to my word count being limited to 2000, not through sloth or lack of interest. 2] Boardman, 1982, pp. 85 (Cambridge Ancient History) [3] Herodotus, 4. 108. [4] Herodotus, 4. 144 [5] Herodotus, 4. 159 [6] Herodotus, 2. 152-154, 178-181 [7] Herodotus, 4. 144 [8] 5. 94-95 [9] 4. 151 [10] 4. 151 [11] M. Giangiulio, Constructing the past: colonial traditions and the writing of history ‘the case of Cyrene’, in N. Luraghi The Historian’s Craft in the age of Herodotus, 2001, pp. 120 [12] H.Gehrke, Mythos, Geschicte, Politik-antik und modern, 1994 pp. 239-64 [13] M. Giangiulio, Co nstructing the past: colonial traditions and the writing of history ‘the case of Cyrene’, in N. Luraghi The Historian’s Craft in the age of Herodotus, 2001, pp. 117 [14] 4. 150 [15] M. Giangiulio, Constructing the past: colonial traditions and the writing of history ‘the case of Cyrene’, in N. Luraghi The Historian’s Craft in the age of Herodotus, 2001, pp. 118

Importance Of Sound In Movies Film Studies Essay

As we know, the movie sound design is divided into two chief classs. The first is sound effects design, largely non-musicals. The 2nd is movie tonss composing, in other words, the background music that is written specifically along with a movie, largely musicals. Film mark ought to incorporate cue paths. Each path is an single piece, which will typically be a composing from instruments. Nowadays, a turning figure of movie tonss include a mixture of orchestral and electronic instruments. The impression of a point of hearing can hold two significances: 1. A spacial sense: from where do I hear, from what point in the infinite represented on the screen or on the soundtrack? 2. A subjective sense: which character, at a given minute of the narrative, is hearing what I hear? ( Chion, 1994 ) Sound is indexical in our natural manner of listening. Sound conveys clip information more accurately than visuals. When sound occurs, an event of stuff interaction is taking topographic point. Sound fertilises and enhances the ocular landscape, makes us able to do an lineation of information about the beginning every bit good as the cause. In short words, sound reflects the physical world of the scene, immerses the hearer into the universe, which makes the environment comes alive. What is of import to the audience is to cognize what produces the sound and where it comes from. Diegetic sound is sound whose evident beginning is in the space-time continuum of the scene onscreen. Diegetic sound is sound that the movie leads us to believe the characters can hear. ( Chion, 2009 ) For bespeaking the materiality of the sound beginning more accurately, the dimensions and distances more exactly, sound effects design has more to be considered. While some sound effects are recorded while they are produced, most of them are added or created afterwards. Production sociables usually ask that all action cease for a few minutes on each location so that they may enter the uninterrupted background ambient sound in that infinite, such as H2O lapping on shore. Editors will subsequently hold to reinsert atmosphere under duologue and effects created during postproduction for continuity with production sound. Sounds from disparate beginnings must be adjusted with tools like equalizers and filters to fit and flux seamlessly. Choices of features imparted to the sound in echo, tempo, timber, volume, and commixture of sounds with each other may non merely make up one's mind our sense of the physical world of the infinite, but besides suggest a figure of feelings, such as solitariness, joys, paranoia and so on. Echo is an indispensable tool for puting a sound in a infinite to bespeak how far we are from a sound ‘s beginning. You can clear up an component of the secret plan with sound, or you can do things more equivocal, which is frequently what you want to make. In such close-ups of sound we must be careful, nevertheless, to bear in head the specific nature of sound which ne'er permits sound to be isolated from its acoustic environment as a close-up shooting can be isolated from its milieus. Music played in a eating house can non be wholly cut out if a particular close-up of say two people quietly speaking together in a corner is to be shown. The set may non ever be seen in the image, but it will ever be heard. The close-A ­up will incorporate the whole acoustic ambiance of the eating house infinite. Thus we will hear non merely the people speaking, we will besides hear in what relation their speaking is to the sounds all round them. We will be able to put it in its acoustic environment. ( Weis, 1985 ) Sound can rise pragmatism or it can decrease it. Sound can pull attending to a item or draw attending off from it. ( Sider, 2003 ) The mike is non as selective. The sound interior decorators have to extinguish that unintended blare from planetary for audience. The camera shoots straight at a clicking clock, we may hear the ticking. But a few seconds after the character looks off, the ticking will be bit by bit dropped out. â€Å" Origin † is a movie that tells a narrative about origin of thought in dream. The film itself is a head changing insight and an intelligent experience. It implants much secret plan hint utilizing a really good sound design. In fact, it is besides a successful aural origin. This is a traveling through of all the interesting proficient points in this movie. The thing that differs â€Å" Inception † from the other movie is the coincident hierarchy architecture. It is common in this movie that multilayers of sound happen at the same clip in the film. And in different degrees of dream, the audience acquire different gait of sound. You can state person what portion of the universe they are in, depending on what sorts of sound you play. The basic timeline and secret plan are based on dream within a dream. Even if the characters are in dreams, we expect them to follow the Torahs of natural philosophies. The really usage of sound in this movie is that the sound is used for linking the different beds of dreaming. The vocal used for the â€Å" musical countdown † to do the dreaming characters cognizant of the at hand boot is â€Å" Non, Je ne Regrette Rien † by Edith Piaf. There are 3 versions of â€Å" Non, Je ne Regrette Rien † , which are the original, the slowed version and the super-slowed version. When clip is switching between the dreams, the original â€Å" Non, Je ne Regrette Rien † is decelerating down and being cross-faded with Zimmer ‘s mark. When the musical countdown is heard down a degree from its beginning, it ‘s slowed down by 300 % , and when it passes down another degree, it slows by 300 % once more. By decelerating down â€Å" Non, Je ne Regrette Rien † by 300 % , the sound becomes really similar to the slow horns in â€Å" Half Remembered Dream † at the beginning of the movie. When Cobb and Ariadne descend into oblivion, without any earphones on to re-adjust the pacing of the music, that same mark is heard slowed down by 300 % . As Cobb and Ariadne wash up on the shores of Cobb ‘s subconscious, the loudest and most extended horn subdivision of the full soundtrack takes topographic point in the terminal of the mark â€Å" 528491 † . The audience is non the lone portion involved hearing the slowed mark, but so are the characters in the movie. Many different movies have made usage of first individual positions. It is merely like sing life from theA firstA personA point of position ofA Malkovich in the film â€Å" Being John MalkovichA ( 1999 ) † . The first-person aural position has an huge impact on sing movie. The first individual positions will certainly do the audience feel in the characters ‘ manner. The audience hears what precisely the characters hear. Since the characters can hear the music with us, the mark itself is a intimation at what bed of a dream we are sing. Knowing this, it becomes possible to separate between dream and world by simply hearing the music. The fact that score ne'er dips into the slow monotone in the world degree is a reasonably good cogent evidence that the top degree in the film is so world. The better-defined movie sound became in the high frequence scope, the more it induced a rapid perceptual experience of what was onscreen. This movie has a really good dynamic frequence scope. As for low frequence, there is the shaking of the edifice and the boom sound. As for high frequence, there is H2O lapping and the gun shooting recording. Cryptic electronic sound at the beginning implies that it is traveling to be a really unusual movie. The H2O imbrication and moving ridges sound on shore goes from right to go forth harmonizing to the H2O fluxing on screen. It can be a unrecorded record, but more likely is reinserted when station production. â€Å" We Built Our Own World † begins when Cobb is lying on the shore. It provides a strong sense of devastation when Cobb is looking at his kids, which means he is non in the world. The sound of whirling top is much louder than it should be because the film maker wants us to concentrate on the whirling top but non anything else. Then the whirling sound bit by bit fades out after exchanging positions. Recording the background voices in a eating house where Cobb was holding a repast with Saito was a cagey manner of presenting the thought that they were in a really large edifice. We can hear low-frequency noise which sounds like the land that is agitating at the same clip. And so it gets louder and louder. All the above information that sound conveys is a hint that they are really in dreams and lay the basis for the edifice prostration shortly after that. Subsequently the audience can hear the agitating sound of the tabular arraies and the spectacless really clearly. Then the clicking sound of the clock goes faster and faster, which means we are going from dream to world. Without sound, the audience do non even cognize what is traveling on. Sound necessarily carries much utile information in this fall ining scene so. The audience can hear background riot voices when there is merely inside-house shootings taking on, which means these background voices come from the public violence people outside. Then we hear a fake detonation sound which makes us experience we are in the scene. When Cobb is speaking with Mal, we can hear ambience sound of H2O lapping sound once more while we can non see the shore, which means the shore is right beside the edifice. â€Å" One Simple Idea † takes topographic point when Cobb is seeking to steal an thought from Saito in dream. That is evidently a on the job subject that calms the audience down and tells the audience that Cobb is in the procedure of making something of import. Sound interior decorator should enter the edifice fall ining sound or imitate it in post-production in order to immense the audience into a environment ambiance of danger. The background music â€Å" Dream Is Collapsing † is a brilliant piece that we can experience the dream is in the procedure of fall ining. In the gun changeable scene, we can non see the slug or the fire visible radiation but we can hear really loud gunfire so that we know they are firing at each other. When Cobb is falling into H2O, it seems that we can hear what Cobb is hearing. Because Cobb is woolgathering, so really he is in two beds of universe. In the upper bed dream, we here the H2O bubble sound when Cobb is submerging into H2O and H2O is running into his ears, therefore doing a echo. But in the dream within a dream, the H2O is oppressing into the edifice from everyplace, and so we should hear a sound like monolithic H2O bead on the land, which is really similar to waterfall sound. When the scene goes back to submerging Cobb, we hear a pulsation with its frequence acquiring faster and faster, which means he is traversing one dream bed up. We can hear the sound of a traveling train when we see the characters are kiping and woolgathering together, which means in world they are really woolgathering in a moving train. The sound interior decorator absolutely builds up three beds of universe utilizing sound as a hint to the audience, but it is difficult for the audience to detect these small hints. Anyhow the sound hint will go clear when the audience watch the movie a 2nd clip. When the dreaming character listens to the music on earphone, the audiences hear â€Å" Non, Je ne Regrette Rien † as if they are the dreaming character. Again there are two beds of sound at the same clip. In the dream bed, the character can merely hear a extremely filtered version of â€Å" Non, Je ne Regrette Rien † in a low voice as if person is whispering beside the ears. Sound images are frequently used in the movie for the intent of making an ambiance. Merely as the movie can demo ocular landscapes, so it can demo acoustic landscapes. ( Weis, 1985 ) Sound can depict an acoustic infinite. ( Sider, 2003 ) Sometimes sound is simple plenty to state the audience what is go oning, we do non necessitate an excess ocular image demoing the item. When Cobb drags Saito to the land, there is no image demoing Cobb has loaded the gun, but the audience hear a slug loaded sound, which means Cobb is endangering Saito and likely he is traveling to kill Saito if Saito does non state the secret of his company. That same thing happens once more in the scene when Cobb is about to kill himself in dream. When Cobb is playing the whirling top, we hear the familiar â€Å" Old Souls † once more. Every clip when Cobb is non certain if he is in dream, the subject â€Å" Old Souls † will look. It feels like a iteration paradox. We can ne'er do it right ; we can ne'er travel out of the paradox. That is what Zimmer tries to convey to the audience through â€Å" Old Souls † . When Cobb is holding conversation through telephone, we hear Cobb is talking usually, but evidently echo is added to the voices come from the other terminal and these voices are so clear as if we are hearing it from Cobb ‘s first individual position. The sound interior decorator has to do it clear so as the audience will non lose any information or emotion that Cobb receives from the telephone. When they mention Mal in the telephone, the background music all of a sudden changes into a soft and sad piece. That means Mal ‘s dead is truly a incubus for Cobb. He can non halt his eternal grieve about Mal. The mike is placed in two topographic points to enter the address in a large concert room between Cobb and his designer instructor. At first it is a close-up record. When the scene changes into a broad shooting, the audience can hear a distant record version with more reverberations which makes the atmosphere sounds more realistic than earlier. And that genuinely helps force the audience into the universe. During the conversation, the background music â€Å" Old Souls † comes up once more because they are speaking about the thought of planing dream. â€Å" One Simple Idea † is a good pick of background music when Cobb is learning Ariadne how to plan a dream universe like labyrinth. That music merely draws the audience ‘s attending to hard staff they are traveling through but non itself. That is to state, when background music goes off or goes down without any back uping emotion, it leaves the infinite for the audience to remain in the ocular and the profound thought of course. To do the narrative more logical and each secret plan scene connected better, a good, logical and complicated sound design is required. Even if it is in dreams, the atmosphere sound goes like it is in world. When Cobb is speaking with Ariadne, the voices of the other people around are still available. In order to surprise the audience with a ulterior detonation scene, the interior decorator would instead allow the audience believe this is a world scene at first. So everything sounds every bit normal as day-to-day life at the beginning. In fact few people can detect that the â€Å" Non, Je ne Regrette Rien † is â€Å" melting in † in the detonation scene when the dream is fall ining, which means the earphone on Ariadne ‘s ear is playing to wake her up. A land traveling sound is simulated in the scene that Ariadne is turn uping the land upside down in her dream. Everybody knows there is no manner to enter this sound in existent life, we have to enter the other sound, such as stone traveling on the land, to replace the imagined sound in the scene to do it sounds like what it should be. â€Å" Extremist Impression † is on the manner when Ariadne makes everything working extremist and incredible in her experimental dream. The two bit by bit exchanging chords make us experience the manner like â€Å" How could it be like that? † â€Å" What an astonishing thing! † If the scene has a large alteration, it is a good pattern to infix a background music which is in wholly different manner from the music in the scene before. Actually the â€Å" Mombasa † subject has already begun long before the chasing takes topographic point, but once more it is a bit by bit attenuation in, which means something excited should be merely around the corner. We can hear sound similar to chopper and besides the sound of air current when Mal is sitting on the window. The minute when she jumps out, the background music all of a sudden changes into a sad melody. That seems to state it is non in dream but in world. So it deserves to be a calamity decidedly. And this subject lasts until Cobb ‘s narrative is over. When they are taking action to commandeer the boy of the company ‘s caput, the music becomes really intense from that clip. When Arthur is holding gun fire, we hear the sound from his angel but non enemies ‘ angel because we merely necessitate a first individual record. The sound the enemies are hearing is non that of import to the secret plan. We can detect that whenever the address between the characters is over, the background music will shortly acquire louder. The sound interior decorator does non desire the background music cover our semantic hearing. It is ever a serious concern to enter the sound when several drive autos are firing at each other, because there is frequently fast exchanging shooting. In the movie, the auto braking sound, the gun fire sound, the braking glass sound because of the gun shooting and the H2O lapping sound, every sound mix with each other at precisely the same clip. So post production edit for the recorded sound is evidently needed at this specific minute. Some portion of the sound is reinforced while some is reduced or diminished. It is the manner to choose utile sound information for the audience. When we see a close-up shooting of a glass of H2O is agitating, we get a glass agitating sound. After the shooting switches to people ‘s face, we still acquire that glass agitating sound. This clip we know what it is the glass that is bring forthing the sound. And besides we can judge the shaking strength merely by the geting the volume of the glass agitating sound. When the glass hits the tabular array and interruptions, we hear a sound which is similar to metal tintinnabulation and the ringing supports enduring for a long clip. And that is the clip when Cobb ‘s attending is extracted by his subconscious. That pealing is a hint that he may lose himself in believing about Mal and his kids. He merely can non run off from the thought. The sound interior decorator has to believe of a best manner to present the sound in a practical environment. When the scene is exchanging between two degrees of dream, particularly at the concurrence point, sound effects do non necessary have to finish a sudden alteration. Sometimes for the consideration for continuity the sound from the upper degree will go through on to the following degree. The air current blowing sound and H2O lapping sound from the upper degree go the boom sound causation by the unusual conditions in the following degree. This is a really good illustration of planing sound harmonizing to the demand of secret plan and environment. I have to state that this is truly a really smart sound design. A close-up shooting on Robert Fischer ‘s face with a boom sound above makes the whole scenery more nervous. Robert Fischer decidedly feels dying about being in dream with a unusual go oning boom sound above. The really clear fast take a breathing sound of Robert Fischer besides reveals his anxiousness. We can hear about all the item from Robert Fischer ‘s oral cavity so clear that it sounds like the mike is merely around the oral cavity of Robert Fischer. Thus it has to be a later recorded version of syncing facial look with a close-up recorded sound. The mussy footfalls sound is a good manner to demo a helter-skelter scene, therefore reflects people ‘s tenseness. When Robert Fischer is get awaying with Cobb from the work forces who were sent to kidnap Robert Fischer, the sound of footfall is acquiring louder and quicker. At the best portion of the movie when five degrees of dream are interacting and the shootings maintain exchanging between these five degrees every few seconds, there is no address, merely the sound effects with brilliant background music which sounds like orchestra March. That peculiar background piece makes up the best portion of the movie, stating the audience this should be a dramatic minute that they would ne'er see in any other movie. In a word this piece stirs the emotion to the flood tide of the whole movie. When the characters on the 3rd and 4th degree of the dream put on earphone on the 2nd degree, they hear a deformed version of â€Å" Non, Je ne Regrette Rien † . All the perceptual experience on the upper degree has a contemplation effects on the deeper degree. In here, the music contemplation consequence is distortion music sound. The music at the shore of Cobb ‘s subconscious is a dizzy piece. It makes us do n't cognize where we are. In fact it is the 5th degree of dream. It is besides desolation piece that few people can come in this degree of dream so far. It becomes a strong boot with a long horn when the music â€Å" Non, Je ne Regrette Rien † is on. This clip it is non a deformed version, it is a new recorded slow version of â€Å" Non, Je ne Regrette Rien † . Let us take a expression at the movie score portion of sound design. What can movie mark does to the movie? The obvious first thing to state: It makes you experience a certain manner. It adds emotion, it evokes feelings, and it creates a temper. They can set up the gait of a scene. Directors are invariably inquiring composers to compose a piece of music which will do the scene seem to travel faster, or slower, than it goes. ( Sider, 2003 ) A good movie mark will force the audience into the film ‘s secret plan. It should make the perfect interaction point between audio and visuals. Normally the composer is shown an unpolished â€Å" unsmooth cut † of the movie, and negotiations to the manager about what music manners should be followed. Once a composer has the movie, they will so work on composing the mark. Some composers prefer to work with traditional paper tonss, but if it comes to hit like â€Å" Inception † that contains uneven ambient and electronic noises, it has to be written in a computer-based environment. In some cases, movie composers may be asked by the manager to copy a specific manner. As seen in many movie DVDs, the orchestra performs in forepart of a big screen picturing the film, helping the music director to synchronise the music with the movie. Movies frequently have different subjects for of import characters, events, thoughts or objects. So we divide the whole soundtrack into pieces of tonss. By convention, the movie soundtrack is constructed so as non to pull the audience ‘s attending to itself but to attach to the movie unless it is portion of the secret plan. The manager, composer, and music editor will hold a staining session, running through and holding on where and what sort of music is needed. The composer of the â€Å" Inception † scores is Hans Zimmer, whose music is characterized by high hearable. Because â€Å" Inception † is based on the pattern of come ining dreams and seting an thought in person ‘s caput, the soundtracks to â€Å" Inception † should be designed as dream-like and make a complete sonic universe to plunge the audience into each beds of the dreams. The original soundtrack album is mostly an atmospheric album. The soundtrack has to be composed in ways that are rather unrealistic so that the audience will non detect the background music. Listening to this soundtrack truly steer me to remember most of the chief secret plan, at the same clip music is the perfect incarnation of the movie ‘s subject. It is an aural journey into one ‘s imaginativeness which creates images and narrative lines in my head. It is a soundtrack to the imaginativeness, or possibly, dreams. In sing period, the movie mark will ne'er catch the spotlight of the movie itself, but to assist the audience construct up the bravery of the dream and advance the development of the secret plan. Inception film scores rely more on existent unrecorded instruments instead than digital audio samples. The whole soundtrack is a combination of electronic and classical. Traditional orchestra can be heard here and at that place in each path. Some cues even play with electric guitar, uneven ambient and electronic noises. â€Å" Dream Is Collapsing † is one of the most powerful paths in the mark. It is seen as absolutely rational that all characters in this scene maintain composure and act of course with holding a house prostration. This technique increases the contrast of the characters ‘ rational behavior against the powerful background mark which tells the audience that it deserves to be a nervous scene. â€Å" Dream is Collapsing † is really good done and improbably habit-forming. â€Å" Dream is Collapsing † is the most memorable vocal. â€Å" Extremist Impression † begins with bosom round which makes the audience lulled into a false sense of security. Those low chords that switch up and down earlier lie underneath strings as if a animal is quietly eupneic, or possibly, it implies that it is the dreamer who is take a breathing, and ever with a slowed down version. Recuring figure, musical fragment or sequence of notes that has some particular importance in or is characteristic of a composing â€Å" Extremist Impression † is a path that walks in familiar district in footings of the twine ostinatos. It is a motive which is persistently repeated in the same musical voice. It is a sequence of equal sounds, wherein each note ever has the same weight or emphasis. The perennial thought may be a rhythmic form in itself. Starts off playing the chief motive instead dramatically so dips into some excessively cool for school material before playing around with the small motif some more. The last minutes of the path gets aggressive. â€Å" Old Souls † reflects Mal ‘s dying about life in dreams. It makes the audience puzzled, inquiring if they are populating in dreams. And the vibrating electronic underscoring is used in such a particular manner. It is a long and effectual path that continues the atmospheric feelings of the album. â€Å" Old Souls † is a cue that leads us into the conversation between Cobb and Mal and do every audience puzzled with what they are making and why they are moving like that. Most of the original background cues have something in common, but some of cues have slight differences. â€Å" Mombasa † is the lone percussion in the mark, which has typical spirit from the remainder of the mark. What is happening on screen is a trailing scene which lasts about 4 proceedingss. Thus the attach toing soundtrack should be a really fast ongoing beat in order to arouse audience ‘s emotions. The Hi Octane component provides intense personal experience and delivers a paranoid sense of being chased when Cobb is running to acquire out of the pursuers. It has a reasonably light start, but it shortly explodes into an action cue. â€Å" Dream within a Dream † brings back the motive heard in â€Å" Dream is Collapsing † but adds some excessively cool for school percussion. â€Å" Waiting for a Train † is the longest cue of all, which feels really cryptic and nostalgic when there are excessively many musical elements and emotion altering blended in. Around 3 proceedingss, it changes the feeling wholly and the ambiance becomes a small darker in nature. At around 5:30, it gets more dramatic as there are about merely synths left. In blunt contrast, Edith Piaf is in there at around 7:04. â€Å" Non, Je Ne Regrette Rien † is a authoritative, but it still sounded unusual at that place. The female voice aftermaths up the dreamers. All of these signifier 9 proceedingss and 29 seconds of uninterrupted admirability. Great inspirational tonss and soundtracks should all hold the quality of independency from their intended movie. â€Å" Time † may be one of the most beautiful heroic poem vocals in the soundtrack that can be appreciated independently from â€Å" Inception † . It gives a sense of closing by constructing up an emotional yarn from get downing to stop. There is no uncertainty that â€Å" Time † should be the chief rubric in this original soundtrack album. The piano gets the position feeling sentimental, which brings cryings to the eyes, particularly at the really terminal after the audience has experienced all the dreams in the movie. This is likely the 1 that most people will truly love and listen to a 1000 times without being tired of. What Time did was no pure sensationalism, the destiny of a sense of devastation in which the tune is along with the whirling top, so that we can non separate if it is a dream or non. It is non merely orchestral music, but every signifier of music because you ne'er know when you might necessitate to utilize some electric guitars. Great composers adapt to the narrative and to their manager ‘s vision. It can be said that sound ‘s greatest influence on the movie is manifested at the bosom of the image itself. ( Chion, 1994 )

Jane Austen s Pride And Prejudice - 1366 Words

Pride and Prejudice, written by Jane Austen, is a humorous portrayal of the social atmosphere of late eighteenth and early nineteenth century England. The novel is much more than a comedic love story. However, through Austen’s subtle and ironic style, it addresses economic, political, feminist, sociological, philosophical themes, inspiring a great deal of diverse critical commentary on the meaning of the work. The proposal of the Mr. Collins to Elizabeth occurs in Chapter 19 of the novel and is a typical example of his stupidity and arrogance. Austen use of the art of dialogue is modeled the characters usage of verbal irony, or satire which is what ‘holds’ the conversations/ disagreements together. Chapter 19 is a great example of how she†¦show more content†¦The reader may say the target of criticism is the very institution of marriage. In this case, as the Bennet’s seat us entails to Mr. Collin, he becomes a potential suitor to any of the Bennet sisters. In consideration, the fact Lizzy and Mr. Collins are cousins may bring discomfort to the readers. He is also firmly convinced that marriage â€Å"will add very greatly to [his] happiness,† (73) and this demonstrates his arrogance. He strongly feels that of he gets married he will be happy and bring great happiness to his wife, but truly we know he is not that attractive and is very odd base on his actions. However, Elizabeth refuses Mr. Collins’s business offer or a.k.a marriage. She is courteous in her refusal, but began to lose temperament which Collins’s persistence. Mr. Collins misjudges Elizabeth’s good sense. Thus, although Lizzy firmly discourage her cousin’s good intentions, he goes on, claiming that young ladies do reject a proposal of marriage twice or even three times. The conversation on Lizzy part before the proposal is dropping with satire that causes the tone to be amusing to the author. â€Å"The idea of Mr. Collins, with all his solemn composure, being run away with by his feelings, made Elizabeth so near laughing that she could not use the short pause he allowed in any attempt to stop him father, and he continued—â€Å" (73) Elizabeth is entertained with how Mr. Collins is being controlled by his emotions when proposing